In recent years, the rapid advancement of digital technologies has posed major challenges for supply chains, including the need for real-time visibility, operational efficiency, and effective risk management. Integrating technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) is hindered by barriers related to technological readiness, organizational capability, environmental pressures, and rising regulatory demands. This study examines IoT adoption in supply chain-oriented digital business models by identifying key drivers, barriers, and performance outcomes, and by developing and validating a conceptual framework linking readiness, capability, and pressure to IoT adoption and subsequent improvements, moderated by firm size, industry, and geography. A mixed-methods approach combined a literature review and expert interviews to build a model, followed by survey data from 350 managers across industries and regions analyzed through structural equation modeling, descriptive statistics, and qualitative insights. Findings show that readiness, capability, and pressure significantly drive IoT adoption, which enhances supply chain integration, efficiency, and innovation, while mediating organizational drivers and outcomes, with effects moderated by firm size and geography. Qualitative insights emphasize practical challenges, sector-specific dynamics, and the role of leadership and workforce engagement. Overall, the study demonstrates that IoT adoption is a pivotal enabler of digital supply chain transformation, offering both theoretical contributions and actionable guidance for managers.